Ancient Period and Unification (8th century – 17th century)
Bhutan’s history dates back to the 8th century when Buddhism was first introduced by the Indian saint, Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche. The country was then a collection of separate tribes and fiefdoms, with various local rulers and chieftains vying for power. In the 12th century, the Drukpa Kagyu school of Buddhism emerged as a dominant force, and the country began to take shape as a unified entity. The great Tibetan saint, Ngawang Namgyal, also known as Zhabdrung Rinpoche, arrived in Bhutan in the 17th century and played a crucial role in unifying the warring factions and establishing the country as a sovereign nation. He introduced the dual system of government, with the Je Khenpo (Chief Abbot) as the spiritual head and the Druk Desi (Temporal Ruler) as the administrative head.

Consolidation and Modernization (18th century – 20th century)
In the 18th century, Bhutan began to consolidate its power and establish relations with neighboring countries, including Tibet and British India. The country signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship with British India in 1865, which led to the establishment of a fixed border and the receipt of an annual subsidy from the British. In the early 20th century, Bhutan began to modernize, with the introduction of electricity, roads, and education. The third king, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, played a key role in modernizing the country and establishing a more centralized government. He also introduced the concept of “Gross National Happiness” (GNH), which prioritizes the well-being and happiness of citizens over economic growth.

Contemporary Bhutan (20th century – present)
In the latter half of the 20th century, Bhutan continued to modernize and develop, while maintaining its unique culture and traditions. The fourth king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the concept of “democratic monarchy” and established the National Assembly, which marked a significant shift towards democratization. In 2008, Bhutan transitioned to a constitutional monarchy, with the fifth king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, ascending to the throne. Today, Bhutan is a thriving democracy, with a strong emphasis on sustainable development, environmental conservation, and cultural preservation. The country continues to prioritize GNH and has made significant progress in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).